A&T State University. Initial applications should begin in May, with subsequent applications performed from mid-July to August at three to four week intervals. It is most common in the northern United States, and southern Canada. The scale insect; a paragon of confusion. The feeding of the crawlers causes the needles of infested trees to become discolored. J. Arboriculture. Have you used our Pheno Forecast maps to plan treatment activities, or to know when to search for pests of interest? Scots pine is especially prone to infestation. They feed on plant sap, and while many do no harm, some can form large infestations and kill trees or other plants. Registered insecticides may be applied during the growing season to combat the two generations of crawlers that develop. Image 3 - Pine needle scales on a needle. Apply horticultural oil to smother scales or scale crawlers when monitoring indicates crawlers are present. Pine needle scale crawlers wander about before feeding. Pine needle scales are most damaging to ornamental pine plantings. The life cycle of two species of lady beetle, the twice-stabbed ladybird, and. Read our This publication printed on: July 22, 2022, Armored Scale Identification and Management on Ornamental Plants, First Generation Pine Needle Scale Crawlers are Afoot, NC State Extension Plant Pathology Publications and Factsheets, NC State Horticultural Science Publications, North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual, NC Registered insecticides may be applied according to label directions against newly hatched first generation crawlers in May and again from mid-July through August to manage second generation crawlers. Many pine (Pinus) species but mostly mugo (P. mugo) and Scots (P. sylvestris) pines in the Northeast. Monitor scale crawlers from early-May to early-June and in late-July using double sided tape wrapped around twigs. commitment to diversity. Sign up to be notified by email approximately two weeks and again six days ahead of key growing degree day thresholds for species of interest at your location. This native insect attacks mugo pine, P. mugo; Austrian pine, Pinus nigra; red pine, P. resinosa; Scots pine, P. sylvestris; eastern white pine, P. strobus; Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziensii; most spruces, Picea spp. Infested needles will turn yellowish-brown in the area surrounding each sessile scale. There are two generations per year and the second emergence of crawlers appears in late-July into early August, in Massachusetts. More informationon map development and re-use policy. See All Pest, Disease and Weed Identification, See All Beer, Hard Cider, and Distilled Spirits, See All Watershed Protection and Restoration, See All Community Planning and Engagement. You can help verify this forecast by checking trees for this species and reporting your findings inNatures Notebook via the Pest Patrol campaign. A severe infestation may cause a reduction in plant health, sparse foliage, and death of infested twigs. Pest: Pine Needle Scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)), Family: Diaspididae (an armored or hard scale). The insect is notable for the distinct wax covering the adults produce to conceal their eggs. The newly hatched crawlers move onto the expanding shoots, and feed primarily on the current year needles. Do you have a suggestion of another species for which a forecast would help you make decisions? Pine needle scale eggs are found under their mother's armor. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): Poultry owners should be on high alert. These maps are updated daily and available 6 days in the future. We'd love to hear about it! JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. The waxy covers are white with a yellow tip located at the anterior. Imidacloprid is ineffective against hard scales. Connect with UMass Extension Landscape, Nursery and Urban Forestry Program: Civil Rights and Non-Discrimination Information, UMass Research and Education Center Farms, Soil and Plant Nutrient Testing Laboratory, Water Testing / Environmental Analysis Laboratory, Conservation Assessment Prioritization System (CAPS), Extension Risk Management/Crop Insurance Education, North American Aquatic Connectivity Collaborative, Agriculture & Commercial Horticulture Resources. Chemical pesticides can be applied for the crawler stage but timing is essential. 
When the crawlers are stationary, they become vulnerable to several natural predators, including lady beetles and wasp parasitoids. Other pines are infested to a lesser extent. This phase of their development is called the hyaline stage. The foliage of severely infested trees may appear gray or white-washed, due to the prevalence of waxy coverings on the hosts branches. Heavily infested pines become unthrifty and may die back from the tips. Males emerge, mate with the females, and then die. After feeding for 6 to 8 weeks, the crawlers mature, becoming males or females. Pesticides are poisonous. The eggs are oval shaped, and colored a deep crimson red. 
LEARN HOW TO SLOW THE SPREAD OF THE INVASIVE SPOTTED LANTERNFLY. Crawlers emerge from the eggs in late spring the following year. Read our http://msue.anr.msu.edu/uploads/files/e2812.pdf, http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pine-needle-scale, CTSP Certified Tree Care Safety ProfessionalEHAP Electrical Hazard Awareness ProgramOSHA 10/30 CertifiedHoisting 2A/1C LisencedCommercial Licensed Drivers, 64 Dunham RdBeverly, MA 01915978-468-6688Hours of Operation: Open 24 Hours, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, Insect Profiles: Eastern Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma americanum), Summer Tree Care: Identifying Common Tree Diseases in Summer, Part 1, Spring Tree Care: Identifying Common Tree Diseases in Spring, Part 8, Spring Tree Care: Identifying Common Tree Diseases in Spring, Part 7, Spring Tree Care: Identifying Common Tree Diseases in Spring, Part 6, Spring Tree Care: Identifying Common Tree Diseases in Spring, Part 5. Get notified when we have news, courses, or events of interest to you. ), Give us your feedback on our Pheno Forecast maps. 8 (5): 113-123. Females will never develop legs, wings, eyes or antennae while the male will. The second generation matures later in the summer and will ultimately produce the overwintering eggs. The waxy cover of the male is white and only 2 mm long. Pine needle scale is a native pest that affects ornamental pines and Christmas tree plantations. Our Pheno Forecast map products are still in development, and we seek input on their performance in your area. Significant foliar dieback can reduce the growth rate of the tree. Additional treatment resources are available through Penn State Extension and Colorado State University Extension. Horticultural oils can be utilized to smother the insects. Read and follow directions and safety precautions on labels. Red-colored eggs over-winter under the scale covering of the dead female on the needles of the host plant. (Please include your email if you would like us to follow up with you. The most frequently damaged host plants are the mugo pine and Scots pine. Nearly all eggs of the spring generation hatch within 5 to 7 days. 
If control measures are warranted, work done by Dr. Warren Johnson at Cornell University some years ago showed that pine needle scale insects are susceptible to oil sprays. After initiating feeding, the crawlers brighten in color, turning yellow. ; and cedars, Cedrus spp. As the crawlers continue to feed, they excrete the white, waxy material that forms the armored cover. N.C. The pine needle scale (Image 1) is considered a key pest of pines in landscapes, nurseries, and Christmas tree plantations in Pennsylvania. This method will not harm any beneficial insects, and is safe for application to organically grown crops. Help us improve these maps! Johnson, W. T. 1982. Each cover extends up 3.0 mm in length. These key points typically represent life cycle stages when management actions are most effective. Learn more. The crawlers turn yellow as they mature. By September, the second generation of crawlers matures. Pine needle scales(Tim Tigner, Virginia Department of Forestry, Bugwood.org), Pine needle scales (William M. Ciesla, Forest Health Management International,Bugwood.org), Pine needle scale damage(John A. Weidhass, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University,Bugwood.org), Utah State University sites use cookies. In mid-to late May these hatch into crawlers which move over the needles for a few days and then settle down to feed. After mating, the males die and females will produce eggs and then die. This Factsheet has not been peer reviewed. Newly hatched nymphs, or crawlers, are light purple to reddish brown, and oval shaped. When mature, tiny males emerge and crawl or fly to find females with which they mate. Pheno Forecast maps predict key life cycle stages in invasive and pest species, to improve management efficacy. Immature crawlers have mouthparts that they use to feed. Save For Later Print Available in Spanish, Scott Tunnock, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org. The waxy cover (Image 2) of the female is about 3 mm long, white with a yellow tip at the narrowed front end (Image 3). Cooperative Extension is based at North Carolina's two land-grant institutions, Revised: Oct. 10, 2019. Publication date: Feb. 25, 2013 By entering your email, you consent to receive communicationsfromPennStateExtension. Several species of lady beetles and wasp parasitoids feed on life stages of this scale insect. Once liberated, the crawlers navigate over the needles for a few days, before settling down to feed. They are laid in clusters beneath waxy covers secreted by the females. GDD: 448 and again at 1917, for the crawlers. N.C. Heavily infested pines become sickly yellow and suffer premature needle drop and twig dieback. For insect pest species, Pheno Forecasts are based on published growing degree day (GDD) thresholds for key points in species life cycles. Entering your postal code will help us provide news or event updates for your area. We forecast crawler emergence based on growing degree days. Upon feasting for a week, the crawlers molt into second stage instars. 
The white, waxy scale covering of this pest is very obvious when present on the needles of the host plant. These hatch in late-May/early June, in Massachusetts. 2022 University of Massachusetts Amherst Site Policies, Center for Agriculture, Food,andtheEnvironment, UMassExtension Landscape, Nursery and UrbanForestry Program, CenterforAgriculture, Food, and theEnvironment, Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment. New crawlers form a waxy covering rather quickly and may be protected from these chemicals. Scale insects are a diverse group of true bugs that are hard to see! The foliage of severely infested trees may take on a white-washed appearance. Treatments are often applied when crawlers first emerge from their eggs and before they grow their protective waxy coating. Give your feedback on the sidebar on the right side of this page. These scales usually reach maturity by early July. John A. Weidhass, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University, females: 1/16 1/8 inch; white; yellowish spot at one end, males: similar to females but smaller and narrower, immatures: crawlers (mobile stage) 3/64 inch; yellowish orange; no wings, immatures: nymphs (sessile stage) resemble adults, but are smaller, pine (especially mugo, Austrian and Scotch); spruce; fir; Douglas-fir, needles may initially be spotted yellow, turning to brown, needle, branch and canopy dieback may occur, serious infestations can cause tree death, overwinter as reddish eggs under the females cap, crawlers present from early-May to early-June, males and females both form scale coverings and remain stationary; males become mobile prior to mating, second generation crawlers present late-July through August, nymphs and adults are the damaging stages. They have flattened bodies, which are tan to dark orange, and are absent of legs and wings. Females never leave their waxy coverings. Infestations of pine needle scale also occur on Douglas-fir, eastern red cedar, and spruce, albeit with less frequency. Severe infestations can cripple host trees, causing significant foliar dieback, and reducing tree vigor. Small infestations can increase to large populations within one growing season and cause extensive needle, branch and, sometimes, tree mortality. Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae), also referred to as white scale, is a tiny armored insect that infests various species of pine. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. Image 1 - Pine Needle Scale Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) Pine needle scale: infestation on Mugho pine S. Tunnock - USDA Forest Service; UGA2252064b, Image 2 - Pine Needle Scale Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) Pine needle scale: infestation on foliage J.B. Hanson - USDA Forest Service; UGA0949066b. NC State University and NC Pine needle scale attacks a slew of hosts, including Austrian, eastern white, mugo, red, and Scots pine. Upon emergence, adult males will mate with females through their waxy coverings. Your observations will help scientists better understand when this species is active and susceptible to treatment. When trees are heavily infested, needles, shoots, or entire branches may die back. A second generation of eggs is laid in mid-July; these scales mature in September. Crimson red eggs are apparent in early spring beneath the female's white waxy cover. Pine needle scale is distributed throughout North America. Pine needle scale insects, Chionaspis pinifoliae, overwinter on the needles in the egg stage under the armor of the dead mother scale insect. Those that land on a suitable host plant will quickly settle down, insert their piercing-sucking mouthparts into the mesophyll and begin producing their own waxy covering over their bodies. They lack mouthparts, but feature a set of wings that protrude out from their backs, enabling them to fly short distances. Indians. Shortly after mating, the males expire. As with most scale species, horticultural oils are the best option for management. A&T State University, in all 100 counties and with the Eastern Band of Cherokee The males navigate to the females to mate. 
Pine needle scale passes through four stages during its life cycle: an egg stage, a larval stage, a pupal stage, and an adult stage. Ornamental pines should be monitored during April and July to detect infestations. Pine needle scale has also been found on spruce, firs, Douglas-fir, and cedars. The eggs overwinter until the following spring, whereupon they hatch, beginning the cycle anew. This represents the second generation of eggs. The crawler stage of this armored scale insect is reddish. They pierce pine needles and consume sap. * The above images are copyrighted by The University of Georgia and the individual photographers or organizations. Native to North America, pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) specializes on pine trees. In mid to late May, the eggs hatch, revealing masses of crawlers. The eggs hatch in mid-July, with the crawlers continuing to emerge over the following two to four weeks. Each female produces upwards to 100 eggs, which accounts for this pest's ability to create severe injury within one growing season. Pine needle scale produces two generations per year: one in spring, and one in summer. Written by: Robert ChildsRevised: 10/2011. These reddish brown eggs hatch in the spring. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment regardless of age, color, disability, family and marital status, gender identity, national origin, political beliefs, race, religion, sex (including pregnancy), sexual orientation and veteran status. Receive Email Notifications for New Publications. This pest is primarily a problem in the landscape and nursery and is rarely found in the forest setting. commitment to diversity. These oils are effective at killing all life stages, including the eggs. It is a common and potentially serious pest. However, if there are lots of scales on each needle, it may wise to treat as the scales are certainly not helping the plant. 
Pine needle scale is not worth treating if the population is low. Females overwinter with their eggs, under a waxy covering. Why do we need this? The females eventually lay up to 40 eggs that hatch into a second generation. After settling down, they secrete the characteristic waxy covering over their bodies. This often results in affected trees developing sparse sections of the crown, which detracts from their overall appearance. Males will mature and gain the features associated with the typical adult insect body. Do not contaminate forage, streams, or ponds. Tiny reddish-purple crawlers emerge from under the old armor and crawl around for a while before settling down on the needles to feed, secrete the characteristic white armor, and grow. By continuing to use this site you accept our, (Tim Tigner, Virginia Department of Forestry, Bugwood.org). Trees that have been weakened by pine needle scale are also predisposed to invasions from disease pathogens, and other insects. The pine needle scale is a key native pest of pine, Douglas-fir, spruce, and cedar in landscapes, nurseries, and Christmas tree plantations in Pennsylvania. 
Adult males are small winged insects that resemble tiny parasitic wasps, but they only have one pair of wings with very few veins. This site is maintained by Center for Agriculture, Food and the Environment in the College of Natural Sciences. This species removes plant fluids from needles with their piercing-sucking mouthparts, causing them to turn yellowish brown. Adult females measure around 3.0 mm long. Viewourprivacypolicy. The crawlers insert their mouthparts into the needles, and commence feeding, consuming sap, and other plant liquids. Clusters of up to 40 eggs overwinter beneath the waxy covers established by the females. Use a 4% oil spray during the winter and a 2% oil spray later on in the summer. For assistance with a specific problem, contact your local Cooperative Extension center. Handle carefully and store in original labeled containers out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. Dispose of empty containers right away, in a safe manner and place. This pest overwinters as females and eggs beneath the waxy cover of the female. Male scale insects are similar in coloration to the females, but smaller in stature, measuring close to 1.0 mm in length. The females lay their eggs on the infested branches, and in bark crevices. The new crawlers emerge from under the scale covering of the parent scale and crawl a short distance or are windblown. Apply a systemic dinotefuran soil drench, granules or bark band in early-May. The adults mate, and the females lay eggs under the waxy covers. Similar to immature crawlers, females have piercing mouthparts that are employed for feeding. For specific information on preferred treatment options in your region, we recommend contacting your local extension agent. -1.jpg)
As many as 40 eggs may be found under each scale. Authored by: Gregory A. Hoover, Sr. Extension Associate.
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